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Southern brook lamprey
The southern brook lamprey (''Ichthyomyzon gagei'') is a lamprey found in the Southern United States including Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. It is a jawless fish with a sucking mouth on one end of it (like a leech.) It can appear to be a small eel, since it is rarely longer than 1 feet in length.
The southern brook lamprey is a non-parasitic fish native to distinctive aquatic habitats in North America which must be protected in order for this species to continue to thrive. This paper incorporates strategies aimed at protecting the distinct microhabitats of ''I. gagei'' from human interference, including pollution and habitat degradation. ''I. gagei'' inhabits a geographic area stretching from southern Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida along the Gulf Coast west to Oklahoma and Texas and have been reported as far north as Minnesota and Wisconsin.〔Beamish, F.W.H. 1982. Biology of the Southern Brook Lamprey. Environmental Biology of Fishes. (7) p.305-320.〕〔Cochran, P.A., Fago, D., Lyons, J. 2000. Wisconsin Fishes 2000: Status and Distribution. http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/lyons.html. 18 November 2012.〕 ''I. gagei'' inhabits specific types of microhabitats at different morphological phases of its life cycle which consists of two distinct stages. During the larval stage, ''I. gagei'' are most often found burrowed into fine sandy creek substrate, but are also occasionally found burrowed among dense clusters of leaves or other aquatic vegetation.〔 Ammocoetes, or larval stage lampreys, feed on diatoms and other organic particles collected mainly off the substrate.〔Gallaway, B.J., Moshin, A.K.M. 1977. Seasonal Abundance, Distribution, Food Habits, and Condition of the Southern Brook Lamprey, ''Ichthyomyzon gagei'', In an East Texas Watershed. The Southwestern Naturalist. (22) p.107-114.〕 ''I. gagei'' larvae typically undergo metamorphosis after 3 years; however, some ammocoetes stay in the larval stage for an additional year.〔 Following metamorphosis from the larval stage, the adult stage is reached. During this phase, ''I. gagei'' does not eat; rather, it obtains energy from stored fat reserves collected as ammocoetes and also migrates from slow moving streams to faster moving water with slightly larger pebbles as opposed to fine sandy substrate.〔 This fasting behavior continues until spawning during which adult lampreys come together from late April to early May and spawn in habitats consisting of small, shallow ripples with 17-21°C water.〔 Although ''I.'' ''gagei'' populations have been found to be generally stable, due to the strict habitat requirements during each phase of its life cycle, the quality of each of these habitats must be preserved in order to ensure that the specific niche filled by the southern brook lamprey is protected.
==Geographic Distribution==
The southern brook lamprey occurs in slow moving rivers and streams from Florida to southern Mississippi, Georgia, and Arkansas along the Gulf Coast west to Oklahoma and Texas.〔 The southern brook lamprey ranges as far north as Minnesota and Wisconsin. Specifically, southern brook lamprey have been reported to occur in the Chattahoochee river system and the Conecuh river system in Alabama, the Sabine river system in Texas and Louisiana, the Illinois river system in Oklahoma, and the Neches river system in Texas. The southern brook lamprey was thought to be restricted to the southern United States; however, Becker observed southern brook lamprey in Wisconsin in 1983.〔 The southern brook lamprey has also been reported to occur as far north as the Spruce river and the Tamarac river in Wisconsin and Minnesota.〔Cochran, P.A., Pettinelli, T.C. 2012. Northern and Southern Brook Lampreys (''Ichthyomyzon fossor'' and ''Ichthyomyzon gagei'') in Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/consgrant_reports/1987/1987_cochran.pdf. p. 1-12.〕 Unpublished findings have also shown that the southern brook lamprey inhabits tributaries of Choctawhatchee Bay and the Ochlockonnee river system in Florida, the Chattahoochee river system in Georgia, and the Trinity and San Jacinto river systems in Texas.〔Dendy, J.S., Scott, D.C. 1953. Distribution, Life History, and Morphological Variations of the Southern Brook Lamprey, ''Ichthyomyzon gagei''. Copeia. (3). p. 152-162.〕
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